Who is Norway’s Nobel winning author Jon Fosse?
Norwegian author Jon Fosse, whose works are in Nynorsk, has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature and is an all-rounder whose writing is defined more by form than content - what is not said is often more revealing than what is.
Fosse -- a novelist, essayist, poet and children's author but who is best known as a playwright -- won the Nobel Prize in literature on Thursday. His dramatic works may not be easily accessible, but they are nonetheless among the most widely staged of any contemporary playwright in Europe.
Born among the fjords of western Norway, Fosse is usually seen clad in black with a few days' stubble.
He grew up in a family which followed a strict form of Lutheranism and rebelled by playing in a band and declaring himself an atheist. The 64-year-old ended up converting to Catholicism in 2013.
After studying literature, he made his debut in 1983 with the novel "Red, Black" which moves back and forth in time and between perspectives.
His major works include "Boathouse" (1989), which was well-received by critics, and "Melancholy" I and II (1995-1996).
His latest book, "Septology", a semi-autobiographical magnum opus -- seven parts spread across three volumes about a man who meets another version of himself -- runs to 1,250 pages without a single full stop.
The third volume was shortlisted for the 2022 International Booker Prize.
- Loaded silence -
Struggling to make ends meet as an author in the early 1990s, Fosse was asked to write the start of a play.
"It was the first time I had ever tried my hand at this kind of work, and it was the biggest surprise of my life as a writer. I knew, I felt, that this kind of writing was made for me," he once said in an interview with a French theatre website.
He enjoyed the form so much he wrote the entire play, entitled "Someone is Going to Come."
He went on to win international acclaim for his next play, "And We'll Never be Parted," in 1994.
His work has been translated into around 50 languages. According to his Norwegian publisher Samlaget, his plays have been staged more than 1,000 times
around the world.
Fosse's work is minimalistic, relying on simple language which delivers its message through rhythm, melody and silence.
His characters don't talk much. And what they say is often repetitive, with tiny but significant changes from one repetition to the next. The words are
kept in suspension, hanging in the air, often without punctuation.
"You don't read my books for the plots," he told the Financial Times in 2018.
"I don't write about characters in the traditional sense of the word. I write about humanity," Fosse also told French newspaper Le Monde in 2003.
"The sociological elements are present: unemployment, loneliness, broken families, but the essential matter is what's in between. What's in the cracks,
the gaps between the characters and the elements of the text. "The silence, what's not being said is more important than what's being said."
Married three times, the father-of-six gave up drinking some years ago after being treated in hospital for alcohol poisoning.
After a decade-long pause during which he said playwriting gave him no pleasure, he returned with a new piece for the theatre entitled "Sterk Vind"
(Strong Wind, not yet translated into English).
Although his plays are notoriously difficult to stage, Fosse was ranked 83rd among the top 100 geniuses alive on a list compiled by the Daily Telegraph in 2007.
In a country whose authors tend to be little known abroad -- unless they write crime novels -- he has inevitably been compared with Norway's national playwright Henrik Ibsen, and in 2010 won the International Ibsen Award, one of the theatre world's most prestigious prizes.
But perhaps Samuel Beckett is a more apt comparison. Fosse has himself declared his admiration for the Irish icon, describing him, like himself, as
"a painter for the theatre rather than an actual author".
Fosse's award a 'historic day for Nynorsk'
A key aspect of Fosse's work is that it is written in Nynorsk. While there are two official languages in Norway, Norwegian and Sami - two different versions of written Norwegian exist. These are Nynorsk and Bokmål.
Only around 10-15 percent of the population uses Nynorsk, even though it is taught in schools and is the official administrative language for many local authorities.
Norwegian is considered to be a part of the North Germanic languages. All of these languages stem from the same parent language, Old Norse. Old Norse was eventually replaced by Danish (though not in Iceland).
In the 1530s, Norway was under Danish rule when Protestantism replaced Catholicism. As a result, Danish became even more prominent in Norway as all holy texts were in Danish.
In 1814, Norway was acquired by Sweden but was still allowed to operate semi-independently. Around this time, many Norwegians found it problematic that Danish was the primary language and began a linguistic reformation, pivoting from Danish to Norwegian. The result of this was the formation of Nynorsk, meaning 'new Norwegian'.
Norway's Minister of Culture, Lubna Jaffery, said Fosse being awarded the Nobel literature prize was a historic day for Nynorsk.
"We have many strong Nynorsk voices in Norwegian literature. This is a historic day for the Nynorsk language and Nynorsk literature. It is the first time the Nobel Prize in Literature has gone to an author who writes in Nynorsk," Jaffrey said.
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Fosse -- a novelist, essayist, poet and children's author but who is best known as a playwright -- won the Nobel Prize in literature on Thursday. His dramatic works may not be easily accessible, but they are nonetheless among the most widely staged of any contemporary playwright in Europe.
Born among the fjords of western Norway, Fosse is usually seen clad in black with a few days' stubble.
He grew up in a family which followed a strict form of Lutheranism and rebelled by playing in a band and declaring himself an atheist. The 64-year-old ended up converting to Catholicism in 2013.
After studying literature, he made his debut in 1983 with the novel "Red, Black" which moves back and forth in time and between perspectives.
His major works include "Boathouse" (1989), which was well-received by critics, and "Melancholy" I and II (1995-1996).
His latest book, "Septology", a semi-autobiographical magnum opus -- seven parts spread across three volumes about a man who meets another version of himself -- runs to 1,250 pages without a single full stop.
The third volume was shortlisted for the 2022 International Booker Prize.
- Loaded silence -
Struggling to make ends meet as an author in the early 1990s, Fosse was asked to write the start of a play.
"It was the first time I had ever tried my hand at this kind of work, and it was the biggest surprise of my life as a writer. I knew, I felt, that this kind of writing was made for me," he once said in an interview with a French theatre website.
He enjoyed the form so much he wrote the entire play, entitled "Someone is Going to Come."
He went on to win international acclaim for his next play, "And We'll Never be Parted," in 1994.
His work has been translated into around 50 languages. According to his Norwegian publisher Samlaget, his plays have been staged more than 1,000 times
around the world.
Fosse's work is minimalistic, relying on simple language which delivers its message through rhythm, melody and silence.
His characters don't talk much. And what they say is often repetitive, with tiny but significant changes from one repetition to the next. The words are
kept in suspension, hanging in the air, often without punctuation.
"You don't read my books for the plots," he told the Financial Times in 2018.
"I don't write about characters in the traditional sense of the word. I write about humanity," Fosse also told French newspaper Le Monde in 2003.
"The sociological elements are present: unemployment, loneliness, broken families, but the essential matter is what's in between. What's in the cracks,
the gaps between the characters and the elements of the text. "The silence, what's not being said is more important than what's being said."
Married three times, the father-of-six gave up drinking some years ago after being treated in hospital for alcohol poisoning.
After a decade-long pause during which he said playwriting gave him no pleasure, he returned with a new piece for the theatre entitled "Sterk Vind"
(Strong Wind, not yet translated into English).
Although his plays are notoriously difficult to stage, Fosse was ranked 83rd among the top 100 geniuses alive on a list compiled by the Daily Telegraph in 2007.
In a country whose authors tend to be little known abroad -- unless they write crime novels -- he has inevitably been compared with Norway's national playwright Henrik Ibsen, and in 2010 won the International Ibsen Award, one of the theatre world's most prestigious prizes.
But perhaps Samuel Beckett is a more apt comparison. Fosse has himself declared his admiration for the Irish icon, describing him, like himself, as
"a painter for the theatre rather than an actual author".
Fosse's award a 'historic day for Nynorsk'
A key aspect of Fosse's work is that it is written in Nynorsk. While there are two official languages in Norway, Norwegian and Sami - two different versions of written Norwegian exist. These are Nynorsk and Bokmål.
Only around 10-15 percent of the population uses Nynorsk, even though it is taught in schools and is the official administrative language for many local authorities.
Norwegian is considered to be a part of the North Germanic languages. All of these languages stem from the same parent language, Old Norse. Old Norse was eventually replaced by Danish (though not in Iceland).
In the 1530s, Norway was under Danish rule when Protestantism replaced Catholicism. As a result, Danish became even more prominent in Norway as all holy texts were in Danish.
In 1814, Norway was acquired by Sweden but was still allowed to operate semi-independently. Around this time, many Norwegians found it problematic that Danish was the primary language and began a linguistic reformation, pivoting from Danish to Norwegian. The result of this was the formation of Nynorsk, meaning 'new Norwegian'.
Norway's Minister of Culture, Lubna Jaffery, said Fosse being awarded the Nobel literature prize was a historic day for Nynorsk.
"We have many strong Nynorsk voices in Norwegian literature. This is a historic day for the Nynorsk language and Nynorsk literature. It is the first time the Nobel Prize in Literature has gone to an author who writes in Nynorsk," Jaffrey said.
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